In India, Gandhi’s Halo Glows Less Brightly for Hindu Right and Lower Castes
In India, Gandhi’s Halo Glows Less Brightly for Hindu Right and Lower Castes
The final steps of Gandhi preserved in an exhibit at the Gandhi Smirti museum in New Delhi.CreditRebecca Conway for The New York Times
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The final steps of Gandhi preserved in an exhibit at the Gandhi Smirti museum in New Delhi.CreditCredit
NEW DELHI — The man’s last footsteps, cast in concrete, lead out from an all-white mansion to the spot where he took his final breath.
On a mild winter day, Mohandas K. Gandhi walked slowly across a stately lawn in New Delhi, India’s capital, leaning on the shoulders of two young women, when an assassin greeted him, touched his feet and then shot the frail 78-year-old three times in the chest.
The grounds where Gandhi crumpled to the ground, and the elegant mansion where he spent his final days, have been turned into a memorial to his life, and violent death. To enter, there is no security check or ticket booth. You walk in off the street, unfettered and free, just the way Gandhi would have probably liked it.
The memorial, the Gandhi Smriti, is perhaps the best place in India to contemplate the legacy of one of history’s momentous figures.
Seventy years after his assassination, Gandhi’s global influence is still enormous and his reputation as a force for good remains firmly intact.
Like few others in history, he harnessed the moral firepower of nonviolent resistance, helping wrest India away from the British Empire. His example of what could be achieved with peaceful protest has inspired countless others, across different cultures and different times, from Martin Luther King Jr. to the so-called tank man in Tiananmen Square.
Gandhi on a train in 1940, wearing his trademark glasses and clothing made of homespun cloth.CreditDinodia Photos, via Getty Images
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Gandhi on a train in 1940, wearing his trademark glasses and clothing made of homespun cloth.
But in contemporary India, Gandhi is no longer quite so awe-inspiring, or even relevant.
As time goes on, he seems to be falling out of sync with the prevailing trends in Indian politics, although politicians still regularly exploit nostalgia for him.
“I am afraid Gandhi has become marginal,” said Pratap B. Mehta, a political scientist who is the vice chancellor of Ashoka University and former president of the Center for Policy Research in New Delhi. “In modern India, the two dominant forces hate him.”
Among Hindu nationalists, part of the demographic base that powers India’s governing Bharatiya Janata Party, Gandhi is seen as weak, Mr. Mehta said.
Hindu supremacists are still angry at him for expressing so much sympathy for the country’s Muslim minority and for allowing Pakistan to split off from India.
Some Hindu nationalists have even built statues of Gandhi’s killer, Nathuram Godse, who was once a member of a Hindu nationalist group that Prime Minister Narendra Modi and many of his political allies also have belonged to. Mr. Godse is India’s real hero, some nationalists say.
The Republic Day parade in New Delhi on Saturday. The theme of this year’s event was Gandhi.
CreditAltaf Hussain/Reuters
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The Republic Day parade in New Delhi on Saturday. The theme of this year’s event was Gandhi.
CredGandhi is also out of favor with the Dalits, a class of Indians bound at the bottom of India’s Hindu society for centuries, but who now, with an estimated population of more than 200 million, wield significant political clout.
Gandhi was passionate about the poor, including the Dalits, railing against exploitation and living almost like a monk, wearing a simple white loin cloth and famously eating little. After Mr. Obama picked Gandhi as his ideal dinner companion, he joked: “It would probably be a really small meal.”
And in an exhibit at the Gandhi Smriti memorial (“Smriti” is a Hindi word that means something like “in memory of”), you can peer into his ground floor room and see what are labeled his “Worldly Remains”: his glasses, a spoon, a pocket watch and a pumice stone to scrub his body.
With such a commitment to the poor, it might seem curious that Gandhi was so comfortable here at a lavish private home built in 1928 for G.D. Birla, one of India’s early industrialists, who made a fortune from jute — and from others’ sweat.
But Gandhi was close to some of the richest capitalists in India during his life, and this mansion, with lush grounds trimmed by tall, bushy mango trees full of chirping birds, is where he often stayed when he visited New Delhi.
His attachment to India’s elite is one reason Dalits and those on the political left can be harsh in their assessment of Gandhi, whom they fault for not doing enough to dismantle India’s often brutal caste system.
At the Gandhi memorial, many sepia-toned scenes of Gandhi’s life are displayed along the quiet hallways.CreditRebecca Conway for The New York Times
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At the Gandhi memorial, many sepia-toned scenes of Gandhi’s life are displayed along the quiet hallways.
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While he did stand up for the lowest castes, critics argue that Gandhi didn’t question hard enough the system itself.
“They think he was not radical enough and patronizing in his call for Dalit emancipation,” Mr. Mehta said.
Nearly three quarters of a century after Gandhi helped India win independence, lower caste people are still openly, and shockingly, discriminated against. Just recently, a lower caste man was scalped simply for asking for his rightful wages.
Despite the criticisms, Indian politicians of all kinds do often try to out-Gandhi each other when it suits their purposes, especially the party with which Gandhi remains most associated today.
Gandhi was an early member of the country’s leading opposition party, the Indian National Congress, and helped transform the party from an elite debating club to a national force. Congress politicians often put Gandhi’s picture on their banners, especially when they hold Gandhi-like hunger strikes.
Mr. Modi’s government also sometimes tries to channel Gandhi, despite his disfavor with Hindu nationalists.
Portraits of Gandhi and Prime Minister Narendra Modi during a cleanliness drive in New Delhi, in 2015.CreditAnindito Mukherjee/Reuters
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Portraits of Gandhi and Prime Minister Narendra Modi during a cleanliness drive in New Delhi, in 2015. You can’t pass through an Indian village these days without seeing the image of a pair of black wire spectacles stenciled on a wall — Gandhi’s iconic glasses — as a symbol for one of Mr. Modi’s biggest social programs, the Clean India campaign. By the government’s count, the program hasdelivered nearly 100 million new toilets.
All Indian school children are taught that Gandhi was serious about cleanliness, so the symbolism of these ubiquitous specs isn’t lost on anyone. His birthday in October remains one of India’s national holidays, and Gandhi was a common sight in the capital’s Republic Day parade this weekend. Many floats carried giant models of him; this year is the 150th anniversary of his birth.
This political dance with Gandhi — sometimes embracing his legacy, sometimes pushing him away — doesn’t surprise one of his most acclaimed biographers, Ramachandra Guha.
“Gandhi is like Churchill, Napoleon, Mao, Lincoln, any great figure,” Mr. Guha said. “His brand goes up and down. His legacy will be debated endlessly.”
Some of the scrutiny in recent years has questioned Gandhi’s sex life; scholars say he lay in bed naked with young women to test his chastity.
The newest debate is whether Gandhi was racist.
In December, a Gandhi statue was removed from a university in Ghana after students and professors complained that when he worked in South Africa in the late 19th and early 20th century, Gandhi showed a disdain for black people. Gandhi scholars don’t disagree, though they argue Gandhi later reformed his views.
The spot where Gandhi was assassinated, now part of a memorial to his life in New Delhi.CreditRebecca Conway for The New York Times
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The spot where Gandhi was assassinated, now part of a memorial to his life in New Delhi.
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Asked which of India’s array of political parties have the best claim to being Gandhi’s ideological heirs, Mr. Guha left no doubt about what he thought.
“None of the political parties have any credible claim to Gandhi’s moral legacy,” he said, checking off the reasons — spectacular corruption, dynastic politics, religious division.
The only true guardians of Gandhi’s legacy fall outside government, Mr. Guha said, like environmental groups, committees that try to protect traditional village life, and groups promoting religious harmony.
The guides at the memorial wear rough homespun vests, a distinctive Gandhian touch — he promoted homespun cloth, known as khadi, as an alternative to British imports.
When entering the grounds of the memorial from the hectic streets that surround it, the immediate sensation is one of calm, an island of quiet in an urban area of 20 million.
The memorial site is at once stimulating and soothing, haunting yet peaceful.
It is as if the aura of the man himself hovers above it.
Part of the reason for the quiet, of course, is that the memorial simply doesn’t attract that many visitors as Gandhi’s importance and pertinence to ordinary Indians fades. But still, some come.
“It’s not like he comes up in daily conversation,” said Manoj Chudasama, a vendor of industrial scales who was visiting the memorial during a visit to Delhi. “But we think of him.”
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